Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1 Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
2 Department of Law, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
3 Department of Law, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
Abstract
Private ownership, as one of the fundamental rights of individuals, plays a pivotal role within the legal system. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the continuing trend of intensifying restrictions and limitations on the right to private ownership—particularly in the realm of land ownership and, more specifically, in the context of agricultural and orchard land-use changes—has encountered complex jurisprudential and legal challenges. This study, adopting a descriptive–analytical approach with a critical perspective, conducts a systematic examination of these limitations. The findings indicate that disproportionate reliance on secondary rules, governmental decrees, and state interventions grounded in control-oriented viewpoints, without due consideration for specific geographical and social circumstances, has led to legislative inflation, conflicting regulations, and disruptions in the private ownership regime. This situation has, in turn, weakened the right of ownership and resulted in the erosion of the economic and social interests of landowners, particularly in rural and less-developed areas. Drawing on jurisprudential foundations and legal principles, the study emphasizes the necessity of re-examining the presuppositions of political jurisprudence and redefining the balance between public interests and private ownership rights, and it proposes measures to enhance the stability and effectiveness of the legal framework governing land ownership.
Keywords
- Private Ownership
- Restriction of Ownership
- Governmental Decrees
- Change of Agricultural and Orchard Land Use
- Jurisprudential and Legal Pathology
Main Subjects
The Holy Quran.
- Ahmadzadeh, Rasoul, & Rezaei-Panah, Ahmad. (2021). Iran's criminal policy against the change of use of agricultural lands and gardens. Nashrīyah-ye Ḥuqūqī-ye Dādgostarī, 85(113), 19–43. https://doi.org/10.22106/jlj.2020.135010.3618 [In Persian]
- Ahmadi, Arash, Ziaei, Mohammad Adel, Omidi, Jalil, & Hafidi, Varya. (2024). The jurisprudential presupposition and the contexts of its emergence. Nashrīyah-ye Muṭālaʿāt-e Taṭbīqī-ye Fiqh va Uṣūl-e Madhāhib, 7(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.22034/mfu.2024.138867.1262 [In Persian]
- Amid Zanjani, Abbas Ali. (2000). Dānishnāmah-ye Fiqh-e Sīyāsī [Encyclopedia of Political Jurisprudence]. Tehran: n.p. [In Persian]
- Ashouri, Mohammad, Bashirieh, Hossein, Yazdi, Abdul Majid, & Hashemi, Seyyed Mohammad. (2004). Ḥuqūq-e Bashar va Mafāhīm-e Mosāvāt, Enṣāf va ʿAdālat [Human Rights and the Concepts of Equality, Fairness and Justice]. Tehran: n.p. [In Persian]
- Bashiri, Abbas, et al. (2013). Ḥuqūq-e Kārburdī-ye Arāżī va Amlāk [Applied Law of Lands and Real Estate]. Tehran: Jangal, Javdaneh. [In Persian]
- Emami, Seyyed Hassan. (1996). Civil Law. Tehran: Eslamiyeh. [In Persian]
- Gerami, Mohammad Ali. (2006). Darbāreh-ye Mālekīyat-e Khuṣūṣī dar Eslām [On Private Ownership in Islam]. Qom: n.p. [In Persian]
- Gorji, Abolghasem. (1990). Legal Articles. Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian]
- Gorji Azandriani, Ali Akbar. (2016). Ḥuqūq-sāzī-ye Sīyāsat: Taḥlīl-e ʿAmalkard-e Dowlat va Vaqāyeʿ-e Sīyāsī-ye Rūz az Dīdgāh-e Ḥuqūq-e ʿUmūmī [Legalization of Politics: Analysis of Government Performance and Current Political Events from the Perspective of Public Law]. Tehran: Khorsandi. [In Persian]
- Guardian Council Research Center. (2002). *Majmūʿah-ye Naẓarāt-e Shūrā-ye Negahbān: Tafsīrī va Mashvaratī dar Khuṣūṣ-e Uṣūl-e Qānūn-e Asāsī bih Inżimām-e Esteftāriyeh-hā va Tazakkorāt (1359–1380)* [Collection of the Guardian Council's Interpretative and Consultative Opinions on the Principles of the Constitution, Including Inquiries and Notes (1980–2001)]. Tehran: Dadgostar. [In Persian]
- Guardian Council Research Center. (2011). *Majmūʿah-ye Naẓarāt-e Shūrā-ye Negahbān dar Mawrid-e Moṣavvabāt-e Majles-e Shūrā-ye Eslāmī (Dūrah-ye Avval: Khordād 1359 – Khordād 1363)* [Collection of the Guardian Council's Opinions on the Resolutions of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (First Term: June 1980 – June 1984)]. Tehran: Dadgostar. [In Persian]
- Hashemi Shahroudi, Mahmoud. (1993). Farhang-e Feqh Moṭābeq-e Madhhab-e Ahl-e Bayt ('alayhim al-salām) [Dictionary of Jurisprudence According to the School of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)]. Qom: Mu'assasah-ye Da'irat al-Ma'arif-e Fiqh-e Eslami. [In Persian]
- Imani Jajarmi, Hossein, & Fattahi, Sarveh. (2011). A review of the structure of the land exploitation system in Kurdistan before land reforms. Nashrīyah-ye Jāmiʿah-shenāsī-ye Īrān, 12(1), 154–179. [In Persian]
- Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar. (1989). Termīnolozhī-ye Ḥuqūq [Legal Terminology]. Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh. [In Persian]
- Jalinosi, Ahmad, & Najafpour, Sara. (2007). The concept of justice in Islam and the West. Dānish-e Sīyāsī, 3(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.30497/pk.2007.53 [In Persian]
- Katouzian, Nasser. (2002). Introductory Course on Civil Law: Ownership and Ownership. Tehran: Mizan. [In Persian]
- Matloob, Ahmad. (2000). Muʿjam al-Muṣṭalaḥāt al-Balāghīyah wa Taṭawwuruhā [Dictionary of Rhetorical Terms and Their Development]. Noor Digital Library. [In Arabic]
- Moballeghi, Ahmad. (2011). Philosophy of jurisprudence (2): Jurisprudential presupposition. Nashrīyah-ye Fiqh, 18(67), 2–12. [In Persian]
- Mohaghegh Sabzevari, Mohammad Baqir bin Mohammad. (1852). Kifāyat al-Aḥkām. Tehran: Lithography. [In Arabic]
- Mousavi Khomeini, Seyyed Ruhollah. (2011). Tahrīr al-Wasīlah. Qom: n.p. [In Arabic]
- Pilvar, Rahim. (2013). Falsafeh-ye Ḥaqq-e Mālekīyat [Philosophy of Ownership Rights]. Tehran: Sherkat-e Sahami-ye Enteshar. [In Persian]
- Salehi Mazandarani, Mohammad, & Mirzaei, Jamshid. (2015). The foundations of ownership of space and place in the legal systems of Islam and the West. Pajūhish-e Taṭbīqī-ye Eslām va Gharb, 2(3), 101–122. https://doi.org/10.22091/csiw.2016.736 [In Persian]
- Teimouri, Begard, & Mohammadi, Shahram. (2022). Challenges facing the foundations of land ownership developments after the Islamic Revolution. Āmūzah-hā-ye Fiqh-e Madanī, 14(26), 103–128. https://doi.org/10.30513/cjd.2021.1900.1356 [In Persian]
- Tusi, Mohammad ibn Hassan. (1972). Al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyah (Vol. 3). Tehran: Mohammad Baqer Behbudi. [In Arabic]
)